2.0  Summary

   Modern societal, economic, and political institutions hardly consider people's need for psychosocial bonds within small groups. When societies become large and anonymous, social instincts work poorly and natural ethical inclinations fail. The instinctive ambition to rise in rank becomes dangerous:  this drive has no natural point of satiation and, in the anonymity of large sociopolitical structures there are little or no inhibitions. People can be very uncaring and cruel towards strangers. Large societies should be built of strong, small communities with effective institutions to govern interactions between small, mid-sized, and large political units.

   While many institutions became more democratic and humane, globalization created new problems of corruption and terrorism. Third World Nations have difficulties dealing with extreme poverty in the midst of a new growing, Westernized middle class. Western nations try to deal with legal and illegal migrations, primarily political and economic refugees who are making poor areas of the USA and Europe their home. There are clashes of culture. Third World nations fear decadent influences. Westerners have difficulties distinguishing between what constitutes variability of cultures versus inhumane practices that violate international standards of ethics.

   Political institutions tend to maintain the status quo including culturally ingrained human rights violations. Systems of elections and referenda could easily be improved. As populations are better educated, voting systems can utilize more complex computer programs.

    Modern legal systems are obsolete and do not fulfill their intended goals. Institutions largely fail to prevent the development of criminal careers, and they fail to protect citizens from crimes. Many preventable forms of suffering are not effectively addressed.

   Most legal systems are more concerned with vindication than rehabilitation. Their reliance on finding "truth" and establishing culpability are meaningless. The terms "equality" and "justice" are obsolete:  everybody is different and societies cannot compensate for apparent 'injustices'. Realizing human rights, effective prevention of transgressions, and humane treatment of all people may be a goal to replace political and legal justice.

     In all planning, ethical thinking and relevant research data must be considered, including findings in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, neurosciences, biology, anthropologic, and particularly ethology (compare data researched and compiled by Konrad Lorenz, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Edward O. Wilson, and others).